Sociologia à escala individual, psicologias e neurociências
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.28998/lte.2021.n.2.13531Mots-clés :
Contextualista, disposicionalista, neurociências, psicologia, sociologia à escala individualRésumé
Resumo
A tradição sociológica francesa há muito tempo considera o “indivíduo” como uma realidade situada fora de sua área de compreensão e investigação. Segundo Durkheim, o indivíduo é um objeto psicológico por excelência. A sociologia há muito tempo favorece o estudo dos coletivos (grupos, classes, categorias, instituições, microcosmos), sugerindo que o indivíduo era uma realidade que, por si só, ficava aquém do social. O artigo discute um método, a partir de meados da década de 1990, de pesquisar a sociologia em uma escala individual. Essa abordagem está essencialmente inserida na tradição sociológica francesa, de Durkheim a Bourdieu, via Halbwachs, apesar das inflexões e críticas que possam existir nessa tradição, ao mesmo tempo em que ela se baseia no principal conhecimento teórico da sociologia relacional e focada em processos de Norbert Elias. A partir da realização empírica na reflexividade metodológica e teórica, este programa de pesquisa tem progredido em diálogo com vários tipos de conhecimento científico mais classicamente orientados para o indivíduo e suas realidades mentais, como a psicologia cultural, a psicanálise, a psicologia cognitiva ou as neurociências.
Palavras-chaves: Contextualista, disposicionalista, neurociências, psicologia, sociologia à escala individual.
Abstract
The French sociological tradition has long regarded the ‘individual’ as a reality situated outside its area of intellection and investigation. According to Durkheim, the individual is a psychological object par excellence. Sociology has thus long favored the study of collectives (groups, classes, categories, institutions, microcosms), suggesting that the individual was a reality which, in itself, fell short of the social. The article discusses a method from the mid-1990s of researching sociology at an individual scale. This approach is essentially embedded in the French sociological tradition, from Durkheim to Bourdieu via Halbwachs, despite the inflections and criticisms it might have of this tradition, while also drawing on the main theoretical knowledge of Norbert Elias’ relational and process-focused sociology. From empirical realization in methodological and theoretical reflexivity, this research program has progressed in dialog with various types of scientific knowledge more classically oriented toward the individual and their mental realities, such as cultural psychology, psychoanalysis, cognitive psychology or the neurosciences.
Keywords: Contextualist, dispositionalist, neurosciences, psychology, sociology at the individual level.
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